C++ 模版类重载流输入输出运算符

在 C++ 中只能通过友元函数来重载流输入输出运算符 << >>。由于搭配模板类的使用,编译器可能在对应编译友元函数时无法确定其为模版,需要事先声明。

方法 1:提前声明并使用 <> 确认 #

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//需要提前进行声明,以使类中对友元函数的声明进一步确认函数为模板函数
template <class A> class complex;
template <class A> ostream & operator << (ostream &newout, const complex<A> &m);

template <class A>
class complex{ //以复数类为例
  private:
  	A real, image;
	public:
		complex(A a, A b):real(a),image(b){
		}

//在运算符 << 后加入 <> 以帮助编译器进一步确定该友元函数为模板函数
		friend ostream & operator << <>(ostream &newout, const complex<A> &m); 
}; 

template <class A>
ostream & operator << (ostream &newout, const complex<A> &m){
	newout<<"("<<m.real<<","<<m.image<<")";
	return newout;
}

int main(){
	complex<int> a(1,2);
	cout<<a<<endl;
	return 0;
} 

方法 2:在声明友元函数的同时定义友元函数 #

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class A>
class complex{
	private:
		A real, image;
	public:
		complex(A a, A b):real(a),image(b){
		}

//在声明友元函数的同时定义友元函数
		friend ostream & operator << (ostream &newout, const complex<A> &m){
			newout<<"("<<m.real<<","<<m.image<<")";
			return newout;
		}
}; 

int main(){
	complex<int> a(1,2);
	cout<<a<<endl;
	return 0;
} 

如果可以不使用友元函数 #

如果模板类中的成员为公有,则完全不需要在模板类中声明友元。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class A>
class complex{
	public:
		A real, image; //成员为公有
		complex(A a, A b):real(a),image(b){
		}
//		friend ostream & operator << <>(ostream &newout, const complex<A> &m);
//友元在此是不必要的
}; 

template <class A>
ostream & operator << (ostream &newout, const complex<A> &m){
	newout<<"("<<m.real<<","<<m.image<<")";
	return newout;
}

int main(){
	complex<int> a(1,2);
	cout<<a<<endl;
	return 0;
} 

参考文章 #

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